Art History 11 16th Century in Northern Europe Quizlet

The Italian Renaissance

The art of the Italian Renaissance was influential throughout Europe for centuries.

Learning Objectives

Draw the art and periodization of the Italian Renaissance

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Florence school of painting became the dominant manner during the Renaissance . Renaissance artworks depicted more secular subject matter than previous artistic movements.
• Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Rafael are among the all-time known painters of the High Renaissance .
• The High Renaissance was followed past the Mannerist motion, known for elongated figures.

Key Terms

• fresco: A type of wall painting in which color pigments are mixed with water and applied to wet plaster. Every bit the plaster and pigments dry, they fuse together and the painting becomes a part of the wall itself.
• Mannerism: A style of fine art developed at the finish of the High Renaissance, characterized by the deliberate distortion and exaggeration of perspective, particularly the elongation of figures.

The Renaissance began during the 14th century and remained the dominate style in Italy, and in much of Europe, until the 16th century. The term "renaissance" was developed during the 19th century in club to draw this catamenia of time and its accompanying artistic fashion. Nevertheless, people who were living during the Renaissance did see themselves equally unlike from their Medieval predecessors. Through a variety of texts that survive, we know that people living during the Renaissance saw themselves as different largely because they were deliberately trying to imitate the Ancients in fine art and architecture.

Florence and the Renaissance

When you hear the term "Renaissance" and picture a style of art, you are probably picturing the Renaissance manner that was adult in Florence, which became the dominate mode of art during the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Italy was divided into a number of different city states. Each city country had its ain government, civilisation , economy, and creative style. There were many different styles of fine art and architecture that were developed in Italian republic during the Renaissance. Siena, which was a political marry of France, for example, retained a Gothic chemical element to its art for much of the Renaissance.

Certain conditions aided the evolution of the Renaissance style in Florence during this time period. In the 15th century, Florence became a major mercantile heart. The production of fabric drove their economy and a merchant form emerged. Humanism , which had adult during the 14th century, remained an important intellectual movement that impacted art production also.

Early Renaissance

During the Early Renaissance, artists began to reject the Byzantine fashion of religious painting and strove to create realism in their depiction of the man grade and space . This aim toward realism began with Cimabue and Giotto, and reached its peak in the art of the "Perfect" artists, such every bit Andrea Mantegna and Paolo Uccello, who created works that employed one point perspective and played with perspective for their educated, fine art knowledgeable viewer .

During the Early Renaissance nosotros also see important developments in subject area matter, in addition to style. While religion was an important chemical element in the daily life of people living during the Renaissance, and remained a driving factor behind artistic product, we also run into a new avenue open to panting—mythological subject thing. Many scholars indicate to Botticelli's Nascency of Venus every bit the very first panel painting of a mythological scene. While the tradition itself likely arose from cassone painting, which typically featured scenes from mythology and romantic texts, the development of mythological console painting would open a globe for artistic patronage , product, and themes.

Nativity of Venus: Botticelli'south Birth of Venus was amid the most of import works of the early Renaissance.

High Renaissance

The period known equally the High Renaissance represents the culmination of the goals of the Early Renaissance, namely the realistic representation of figures in space rendered with apparent motion and in an accordingly decorous mode. The virtually well known artists from this stage are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, and Michelangelo. Their paintings and frescoes are amid the well-nigh widely known works of fine art in the earth. Da Vinci's Last Supper, Raphael's The School of Athens and Michelangelo'southward Sistine Chapel Ceiling paintings are the masterpieces of this period and embody the elements of the Loftier Renaissance.

Union of the Virgin, by Raphael: The painting depicts a matrimony ceremony betwixt Mary and Joseph.

Mannerism

High Renaissance painting evolved into Mannerism in Florence. Mannerist artists, who consciously rebelled confronting the principles of High Renaissance, tended to correspond elongated figures in illogical spaces. Modern scholarship has recognized the chapters of Mannerist art to convey potent, often religious, emotion where the High Renaissance failed to do so. Some of the main artists of this period are Pontormo, Bronzino, Rosso Fiorentino, Parmigianino and Raphael's pupil, Giulio Romano.

Humanism

Humanism was an intellectual movement embraced past scholars, writers, and civic leaders in 14th century Italy.

Learning Objectives

Appraise how Humanism gave rise to the art of the Renasissance

Key Takeaways

Central Points

• Humanists reacted against the utilitarian arroyo to instruction, seeking to create a citizenry who were able to speak and write with eloquence and thus able to engage the civic life of their communities.
• The motility was largely founded on the ethics of Italian scholar and poet Francesco Petrarca, which were often centered around humanity's potential for achievement.
• While Humanism initially began as a predominantly literary move, its influence quickly pervaded the general culture of the time, reintroducing classical Greek and Roman art forms and leading to the Renaissance .
• Donatello became renowned as the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance, known especially for his Humanist, and unusually erotic, statue of David.
• While medieval lodge viewed artists equally servants and craftspeople, Renaissance artists were trained intellectuals, and their art reflected this newfound signal of view.
• In humanist painting, the handling of the elements of perspective and delineation of light became of particular concern.

Key Terms

• High Renaissance: The period in fine art history denoting the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. The High Renaissance menstruum is traditionally thought to have begun in the 1490s—with Leonardo's fresco of The Last Supper in Milan and the decease of Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence—and to take ended in 1527, with the Sack of Rome by the troops of Charles V.

Overview

Humanism, also known as Renaissance Humanism, was an intellectual motility embraced past scholars, writers, and borough leaders in 14th- and early-15th-century Italy. The movement developed in response to the medieval scholastic conventions in education at the time, which emphasized practical, pre-professional, and scientific studies engaged in solely for job training, and typically by men alone. Humanists reacted against this commonsensical approach, seeking to create a citizenry who were able to speak and write with eloquence and thus able to appoint the borough life of their communities. This was to be accomplished through the study of the "studia humanitatis," known today as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy. Humanism introduced a plan to revive the cultural—and particularly the literary—legacy and moral philosophy of classical artifact . The motility was largely founded on the ideals of Italian scholar and poet Francesco Petrarca, which were oftentimes centered effectually humanity'south potential for achievement.

While Humanism initially began as a predominantly literary move, its influence quickly pervaded the general civilization of the time, re-introducing classical Greek and Roman art forms and contributing to the development of the Renaissance. Humanists considered the ancient world to be the pinnacle of human achievement, and thought its accomplishments should serve as the model for contemporary Europe. There were important centers of Humanism in Florence, Naples, Rome , Venice , Genoa, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino .

Humanism was an optimistic philosophy that saw man as a rational and sentient being, with the ability to decide and think for himself. It saw man as inherently good by nature, which was in tension with the Christian view of man as the original sinner needing redemption. It provoked fresh insight into the nature of reality, questioning beyond God and spirituality, and provided knowledge about history across Christian history.

Humanist Fine art

Renaissance Humanists saw no conflict between their study of the Ancients and Christianity. The lack of perceived conflict immune Early Renaissance artists to combine classical forms, classical themes, and Christian theology freely. Early Renaissance sculpture is a neat vehicle to explore the emerging Renaissance style . The leading artists of this medium were Donatello, Filippo Brunelleschi, and Lorenzo Ghiberti. Donatello became renowned as the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance, known especially for his classical, and unusually erotic, statue of David, which became one of the icons of the Florentine commonwealth.

Donatello'southward David : Donatello's David is regarded equally an iconic Humanist work of fine art.

Humanism affected the artistic customs and how artists were perceived. While medieval society viewed artists every bit servants and craftspeople, Renaissance artists were trained intellectuals, and their fine art reflected this newfound point of view. Patronage of the arts became an important activity, and commissions included secular field of study matter also as religious. Important patrons , such as Cosimo de' Medici, emerged and contributed largely to the expanding artistic production of the time.

In painting, the treatment of the elements of perspective and calorie-free became of detail concern. Paolo Uccello, for instance, who is best known for "The Battle of San Romano," was obsessed by his interest in perspective, and would stay up all dark in his study trying to grasp the exact vanishing point . He used perspective in order to create a feeling of depth in his paintings. In improver, the utilise of oil paint had its ancestry in the early office of the 16th century, and its use connected to be explored extensively throughout the High Renaissance .

"The Battle of San Romano" by Paolo Uccello: Italian Humanist paintings were largely concerned with the depiction of perspective and calorie-free.

Origins

Some of the first Humanists were great collectors of antique manuscripts, including Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Coluccio Salutati, and Poggio Bracciolini. Of the three, Petrarch was dubbed the "Father of Humanism" because of his devotion to Greek and Roman scrolls. Many worked for the organized church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities (such as Petrarch's disciple Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence) and thus had access to volume-copying workshops.

In Italy, the Humanist educational program won rapid acceptance and, by the mid-15th century, many of the upper classes had received Humanist educations, perchance in add-on to traditional scholastic ones. Some of the highest officials of the church were Humanists with the resource to aggregate important libraries. Such was Primal Basilios Bessarion, a catechumen to the Latin church building from Greek Orthodoxy, who was considered for the papacy and was 1 of the most learned scholars of his time.

Following the Crusader sacking of Constantinople and the terminate of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the migration of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés, who had greater familiarity with aboriginal languages and works, furthered the revival of Greek and Roman literature and science.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-italian-renaissance/

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